Documento de consenso sobre los medicamentos biosimilares en enfermedades inmunomediadas en España / Consensus statement on the use of biosimilar drugs in immune-mediated diseases in Spain

Objetivo: Mejorar el nivel de conocimiento sobre los medicamentos biosimilares y generar un marco consensuado sobre su uso. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo. Se seleccionó un grupo multidisciplinar de expertos en medicamentos biosimilares (una dermatóloga, un farmacéutico de hospital, un reumatólogo y un gastroenterólogo) que definieron los apartados y los temas del documento. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura en Medline para identificar artículos sobre los medicamentos biosimilares. Se seleccionaron revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura, estudios controlados pre-clínicos, clínicos y en vida real. Con esta información se generaron varios principios generales y recomendaciones. El grado de acuerdo con los mismos se estableció mediante un Delphi que se extendió a 66 profesionales de la salud que votaron de 1 (totalmente en desacuerdo) a 10 (totalmente de acuerdo). Se definió acuerdo si al menos el 70% de los participantes votaron ≥7. Resultados: La revisión de la literatura incluyó 555 artículos. Se votaron un total de 10 principios generales y recomendaciones. Todos alcanzaron el nivel de acuerdo establecido en el Delphi. El documento incluye datos sobre las características principales de los medicamentos biosimilares (definición, desarrollo, aprobación, extrapolación de indicaciones, intercambiabilidad, financiación y trazabilidad); sobre la evidencia publicada (biosimilitud, eficacia, efectividad, seguridad, inmunogenicidad, eficiencia, switch); sobre barreras y facilitadores a su uso, y datos sobre la información para pacientes. Conclusiones: Los medicamentos biosimilares autorizados reúnen todas las características de calidad, eficacia y seguridad. Además, ayudan significativamente a mejorar el acceso de los pacientes a las terapias biológicas y contribuyen a la sostenibilidad de los sistemas sanitarios. (AU)

Objective: To improve knowledge about biosimilar medicines and to generate a consensus framework on their use. Methods: Qualitative study. A multidisciplinary group of experts in biosimilar medicines was established (1dermatologist, 1hospital pharmacist, 1rheumatologist, and 1gastroenterologist) who defined the sections and topics of the document. A narrative literature review was performed in Medline to identify articles on biosimilar medicines. Systematic reviews, controlled, pre-clinical, clinical, and real-life studies were selected. Based on the results of the review, several general principles and recommendations were generated. The level of agreement was tested in a Delphi that was extended to 66 health professionals who voted from 1 (totally disagree) to 10 (totally agree). Agreement was defined if at least 70% of the participants voted ≥7. Results: The literature review included 555 articles. A total of 10 general principles and recommendations were voted upon. All reached the level of agreement established. The document includes data on the main characteristics of biosimilar medicines (definition, development, approval, indication extrapolation, interchangeability, financing, and traceability); published evidence (biosimilarity, efficacy, effectiveness, safety, immunogenicity, efficiency, switch); barriers and facilitators to its use; and data on information for patients. Conclusions: Authorized biosimilar medicines meet all the characteristics of quality, efficacy, and safety. They also significantly help improve patient access to biological therapies and contribute to health system sustainability. (AU)

Interchangeability of medications and biopharmaceutical implication of taking drugs with fluids other than water: ibuprofen case study

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the dissolution properties of ibuprofen solid oral dosage forms commercially available in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to estimate the influence of dissolution medium composition on the drug release. Eight products (A-H) were subjected to in vitro dissolution test using experimental conditions described in USP42-NF37. Dissolution properties of one selected product were examined in the presence of alcohol (22.2% v/v) and fruit juice (22.2% v/v). Products marked B-H complied with the pharmacopeial criteria. Dissolution profile of product B was similar with dissolution profiles of products D, E, F and G and similarity was also found between products A-D, C-G, D-G and E-F. Drug release from most of the examined preparations fitted best to the Weibull kinetic model. In the presence of alcohol in the medium, higher amount of ibuprofen was dissolved. Contrary, ibuprofen dissolved in the presence of fruit juice was significantly lower. Differences in the dissolution profiles of investigated preparations suggest that their interchangeability should be additionally considered and demonstrated with in vivo bioequivalence studies. Presence of different substances in the medium can affect dissolution properties of ibuprofen, emphasizing the importance of the patient's compliance.

Estudio comparativo de la calidad biofarmacéutica de Diazepam 10 mg comercializados en el mercado peruano / Comparative study of the biopharmaceutical quality of Diazepam 10 mg commercialized in the Peruvian market

Introducción: el Diazepam pertenece a un grupo de medicamentos llamados benzodiazepinas. Se sabe que estos medicamentos actúan en el cerebro a través del GABA. Se utiliza para aliviar la ansiedad y control de la agitación causada por la abstinencia de alcohol. Método: se evaluó la variación de peso, friabilidad, dureza, tiempo de desintegración, cuantificación de principio activo, velocidad y perfil de disolución entre el medicamento innovador y medicamentos multifuentes comercializados en el mercado peruano, según lo establecido en la USP 42. Resultados: los resultados permitieron establecer que todas las tabletas multifuente de Diazepam 10 mg incluidos en esta investigación son bioequivalentes con la marca innovadora elegida y, por lo tanto, pueden ser intercambiables. Conclusiones: se estableció que las tabletas multifuentes de Diazepam 10 mg incluidos en esta investigación son bioequivalentes con el innovador y, por lo que permite proponer a la comunidad científica la determinación de la equivalencia farmacéutica como elemento de apoyo en la toma de decisiones de compra en el servicio farmacéutico. (AU)

Introduction: diazepam belongs to a group of medicines called benzodiazepines. These drugs are known to work in the brain through GABA and, it used to relieve anxiety and control the agitation caused by alcohol withdrawal. Method: variation in weight, friability, hardness, disintegration time, quantification of active ingredient, speed and dissolution profile between the innovative and multi-source drugs marketed in the Peruvian market. The evaluation of these presentations did with the USP 42 Pharmacopeia. Results: the results established that all Diazepam 10 mg multi-source tablets included in this research are bioequivalent with the chosen innovative brand and, therefore, can be interchangeable. Conclusions: The results observed that the multi-source tablets of Diazepam 10 mg included in this research are bioequivalent with the innovator and, therefore, allow the determination of pharmaceutical equivalence as a support element in the decision-making process for purchasing in the service pharmacist. (AU)

Interchangeability among carbamazepine formulations: the impact over epilepsy patients

Abstract The treatment of epilepsy is complex and a matter of concern is the interchangeability among different formulations available for antiepileptic drugs. To evaluate the effects of interchangeability among carbamazepine formulations on patients with epilepsy. This is a prospective cohort study that included adult outpatients diagnosed with epilepsy and under pharmacological treatment with carbamazepine. Before switching the brand/manufacturer, the "Interchangeable Pharmaceutical Product in the Treatment of Epilepsies" questionnaire was applied. The questionnaires "Adverse Events Profile" and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31, so as the plasma carbamazepine concentrations, were evaluated before and after the brand/ manufacturer switch. Physical-chemical tests aiming to assess tablets quality were performed in accordance with the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia 5th edition. The study population was composed by 14 patients (mean age: 44.6 years), with 10 of females. From those interviewed, 10 had no knowledge about the three antiepileptic drugs formulations available. The frequency of adverse event "problems with skin" incresead (p=0.023) and "upset stomach" decreased (p=0.041) after the changeover. The adverse events profile was associated with only two quality of life domains: "energy/fatigue" (p=0.048) and "total score" (p=0.018). Divergent results between generic and reference formulations were observed in purity-water test (reference: 1.96%, generic: 4.84%) and dissolution test, in which the generic formulation presented 66.27 to 85.77% of carbamazepine dissolved after the third level. Conclusions: Objective differences before and after the brand/manufacturer switch were not observed, in spite of patients' perceptions. Despite that, more studies in the field are necessary, especially on the interchangeability among generic antiepileptics, in order to better elucidate switching consequences on patients' life.

Calidad Biofarmacéutica e Intercambiabilidad de Medicamento / Biopharmaceutical Quality and Interchange of Drugs

Introducción: La industria farmacéutica que busca la aprobación para comercializar un medicamento genérico debe presentar datos que demuestren que la formulación genérica proporciona la misma calidad, eficacia y seguridad que el medicamento innovador. Por lo tanto, la mayoría de los medicamentos genéricos administrados por vía oral están aprobados en función de los resultados de uno o más estudios fisicoquímicos y biofarmacéuticos para demostrar bioequivalencia y posterior intercambiabilidad.Objetivo: Identificar en los artículos de investigación las posibles diferencias entre las pruebas fisicoquímicas y biofarmacéuticas de bioequivalencia de medicamentos genéricos con la de sus homólogos ya comercializados.Método: Se realizó la revisión de estudios de investigación originales, publicados desde enero del año 2003 hasta diciembre del 2019. Se consultaron 4 bases de datos Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Lilacs, Scielo. En inglés y español. Los descriptores utilizados fueron medicamento genérico, bioequivalencia, equivalencia terapéutica e intercambialidad, así mismo solo se seleccionaron aquellos artículos donde su forma farmacéutica de estudio fuese comprimidos.Resultados: Se seleccionaron en total 40 artículos para su evaluación, de los cuales 19 llegaron a la conclusión de bioequivalencia, otros 19 determinaron no bioequivalencia, para 1 no existía una conclusión definitiva, mientras que en 1 estudio que evaluaba a 3 medicamentos, la conclusión fue no bioequivalencia para 2 de ellos y para el tercero sí la había.Conclusión: La revisión revela que los estudios son insuficientes para indicar bioequivalencia entre los fármacos multifuentes (genéricos) y los innovadores, por lo que se necesita ampliar los estudios de bioequivalencia. (AU)

Introduction: The pharmaceutical industry seeking approval to market a generic drug must submit data demon-strating that the generic formulation provides the same quality, efficacy, and safety of the innovative drug. There-fore, most orally administered generic drugs are approved based on the results of one or more physicochemical and biopharmaceutical studies to demonstrate bioequivalence and subsequent interchangeability. Objective: Identify in research articles the possible differences between the physicochemical and biopharmaceuti-cal tests of bioequivalence of generic drugs with that of their corresponding innovative equivalents. Method: The original research studies, published from January 2003 to December 2019, were reviewed. 4 databases were consulted Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Lilacs, Scielo. In English and Spanish. The descriptors used were generic medicine, bioequivalence, therapeutic equivalence and interchangeability, likewise only those articles where their study pharmaceutical form was tablets were selected. Results: A total of 40 articles were selected for evaluation, of which 19 reached the conclusion of bioequivalence, another 19 determined non-bioequivalence, for 1 there was no definitive conclusion, while in a study that evaluated 3 drugs, the conclusion was no bioequivalence for 2 of them and bioequivalence for one. Conclusions: The review reveals that the studies are insufficient to indicate bioequivalence between multi-source (generic) and innovative drugs, so that bioequivalence studies need to be expanded. (AU)

Estudio comparativo de la calidad biofarmacéutica de Alprazolam 0, 5 mg comercializadas en el mercado peruano / Comparative study of the biopharmaceutical quality of Alprazolam 0. 5 mg commercialized in the Peruvian market

El Alprazolam pertenece a las benzodiazepinas. Sus efectos se atribuyen a que actúa sobre receptores de membrana específicos, lo cual facilita la acción inhibitoria presináptica y postsináptica del ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA), especialmente en la formación reticular ascendente. Se utiliza para el tratamiento de los estados de ansiedad, crisis de angustia, ataques de pánico y estrés intenso. Este estudio se realizó para analizar los parámetros comparativos de control de calidad in vitro mediante la evaluación de la variación de peso, friabilidad, dureza, tiempo de desintegración, perfil y eficiencia de disolución entre el medicamento innovador (Xanax®) y multifuentes que son comercializados en el mercado peruano. Para realizarlo, se seleccionaron tabletas de Alprazolam 0,5 mg multifuente de diferentes laboratorios comparándolos con el medicamento innovador y se evaluaron las características fisicoquímicas y biofarmacéuticas. Los ensayos farmacopeicos se evaluaron según lo establecido en la USP 42. Los resultados de las pruebas fisicoquímicas indicaron que las muestras analizadas no tenían diferencia significativa y estaban dentro de lo establecido en la farmacopea, así mismo el perfil y eficiencia de disolución permitieron establecer que el comportamiento biofarmacéutico de las mismas era muy similar para ambos tipos de molécula. Se estableció que las tabletas multifuentes de Alprazolam 0,5 mg de esta investigación son bioequivalentes con el innovador, por lo que permite proponer a la comunidad científica la determinación de la equivalencia biofarmacéutica como elemento de apoyo en la toma de decisiones de compra en el servicio farmacéutico

Alprazolam belongs to benzodiazepines. Its effects are attributed to the fact that it acts on specific membrane receptors, which facilitates the presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), especially in the ascending reticular formation. It is used to treat anxiety states, panic attacks, and intense stress. This study was carried out to analyze comparative parameters of in vitro quality control by evaluating the variation in weight, friability, hardness, disintegration time, profile and dissolution efficiency between the innovative drug (Xanax®) and multi-sources tablets that are marketed in the Peruvian market. To perform this, Alprazolam 0.5 mg multi-source tablets were selected from different laboratories comparing them with the innovative medicine and the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics were evaluated. Pharmacopoeial trials were evaluated as established in USP 42. The results of physicochemical tests indicated that analyzed samples did not have a significant difference and were within the established in the pharmacopoeia, as well as the profile and dissolution efficiency allowed to establish that their biopharmaceutical behavior was very similar for both types of molecules. It was established that Alprazolam 0.5 mg multi-source tablets from this research are bioequivalent with innovator, which makes it possible to propose to scientific community determination of biopharmaceutical equivalency as a support element in decision-making process for purchasing services pharmacist

Evaluación de la intercambiabilidad in vitro de diferentes marcas de tabletas de diclofenaco sódico disponibles en el mercado colombiano / In vitro evaluation of the interchangeability of different brands of diclofenac sodium tablets available in the Colombian market

Introducción. El diclofenaco sódico se clasifica como un antiinflamatorio no esteroide. Dado que es de venta libre, el paciente no tiene ningún seguimiento por parte de los equipos de salud, y como sus fuentes son múltiples, es necesario establecer la equivalencia entre ellas en estudios in vitro, que son los más prácticos y plantean un menor compromiso ético. Objetivos. Determinar la intercambiabilidad de diferentes marcas comerciales de diclofenaco sódico comparadas con el producto innovador mediante un estudio in vitro de tabletas comerciales de 50 mg, según los lineamientos del Sistema de Clasificación Biofarmacéutica (SCB). Materiales y métodos. Se desarrollaron pruebas físicas y químicas siguiendo las indicaciones de laedición 39 de la United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Para la cuantificación, se validó una metodología analítica según lo establecido en la mencionada farmacopea y la guía Q2 del International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Los perfiles de disolución y sus análisis se rigieron por lo establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las normas nacionales. Resultados. Todos los productos aprobaron las pruebas físicas. En cuanto a la disolución, la etapa ácida también fue superada por todas las marcas, pero una marca falló en la etapa alcalina. El análisis de similitud reveló que solo un producto fue equivalente al innovador y tres fueron supradisponibles, aunque dichas marcas también podrían considerarse equivalentes al producto innovador. Conclusiones. De las ocho marcas evaluadas, tres no cumplieron totalmente con la prueba de valoración del principio activo y del porcentaje de disolución; solo una marca fue intercambiable con el producto innovador y tres fueron supradisponibles comparadas con este, por lo cual no constituyen un riesgo para el paciente.

Introduction: Diclofenac sodium is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. As diclofenac is an over-the-counter drug, its use among patients cannot be monitored by health teams in follow-up sessions. Given the multiple sources of diclofenac sodium, their interchangeability must be investigated, particularly in the form of in vitro studies, which are the most practical research type and entail minimal ethical commitment. Objectives: To determine the interchangeability of the different commercial brands of diclofenac sodium relative to the innovative product, this work carries out an in vitro study of eight commercial products of diclofenac sodium (50 mg) following the guidelines of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. Materials and methods: Physical and chemical tests were developed following the guidelines of the 39th edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia. An analytical methodology was validated for the quantification of diclofenac according to the current pharmacopoeia and the Q2 guideline ofthe International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Dissolution profiles and their analyseswere governed by the regulations established by the World Health Organization and the national regulations. Results: All the products passed the physical tests. In the dissolution assays, the acid stage was overcome by all brands, but in the alkaline stage, one brand failed. The analysis of the similarities revealed that only one product was equivalent to the innovator and that three were supra-available, although these brands could also be considered equivalent to the innovator. Conclusions: Of the eight brands evaluated, three failed the test forthe active principle and the percentage of dissolution. Only one brand was found to be interchangeable with the innovator, and three were identified to besupra-availableand, thus, they do not present a risk for patients.

Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy position paper on biosimilar medicines / Documento de posicionamiento de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria sobre los medicamentos biosimilares

Biological medicines nowadays have a great impact, as they offer treatment for diverse diseases and suppose a high cost for health system. Biosimilar medicines contain a version of an active substance already authorized as an original biotechnological medicine, whose patent has expired, and they comply with the guidelines published by the European Medicines Agency. These guidelines, where biosimilarity criteria are established, guarantee comparability between biosimilar product and reference one. Biosimilars’ authorization is carried out through a centralized procedure based on clinical, non-clinical and quality studies. These studies allow the extrapolation of indications, frequently, without carrying out additional analyses. In several European countries, switching between original and biosimilar medicine is considered safe. In Spain, Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee of hospitals, as consensus bodies among health professionals, are the most suitable bodies to establish the interchangeability criteria in each center. Biosimilar drugs contribute to sustainability and to improvement of the accessibility to medicines. Faced with this situation, Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy considers interesting to express its position about biosimilar medicines’ strategies. Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy, in September 2015, published an information note about biosimilar medicines, in which its role as medicines similar in quality, safety and efficacy to the originals, but at lower cost, was highlighted. Likewise, it was stressed the role of hospital pharmacists within the Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee of hospitals, where their knowledge for the selection, evaluation and use of medicines could be useful, in coordination and permanent collaboration with other units or clinical services of hospitals

Los medicamentos biológicos actualmente presentan un gran impacto, ya que ofrecen tratamiento para diversas enfermedades y suponen un elevado coste para el sistema sanitario. Los medicamentos biosimilares contienen una versión de una sustancia activa ya autorizada como medicamento biotecnológico original, cuya patente ha caducado, y cumplen con las guías publicadas por la European Medicines Agency, que establecen los criterios de biosimilitud para garantizar la comparabilidad entre el producto biosimilar y el de referencia. La autorización de los biosimilares se realiza mediante un procedimiento centralizado, a través de estudios comparativos clínicos, no-clínicos y de calidad, que permiten la extrapolación de indicaciones, frecuentemente sin realizar estudios adicionales. Algunos países europeos consideran seguro el intercambio entre medicamento original y biosimilar. En España, las Comisiones de Farmacia y Terapéutica hospitalarias, como órganos de consenso entre profesionales sanitarios, se consideran las más adecuadas para establecer los criterios de intercambiabilidad en cada centro. Los biosimilares contribuyen a la sostenibilidad y a la accesibilidad a los medicamentos. Ante esta situación, la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria considera de interés expresar su posicionamiento sobre las estrategias relacionadas con los medicamentos biosimilares. La Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria, en septiembre de 2015, publicó una nota informativa sobre los medicamentos biosimilares, en la que destacó su similitud en calidad, seguridad y eficacia respecto a los originales, pero con menor coste. Igualmente, se recalcó el papel del farmacéutico hospitalario en las Comisiones de Farmacia y Terapéutica hospitalarias, donde sus conocimientos son útiles para la selección, evaluación y empleo de los medicamentos, en coordinación y colaboración permanente con los demás servicios clínicos del hospital

Escenario actual de los medicamentos biocomparables en México: posicionamiento del Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología, 2016 / Current state of biosimilars in Mexico: The position of the Mexican College of Rheumatology, 2016

El presente documento refleja el posicionamiento del Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología y de expertos sobre el uso de medicamentos biocomparables (conocidos como biosimilares en otros países) en enfermedades reumáticas. En resumen, este posicionamiento considera que si bien los biocomparables deben considerarse como intercambiables, no es ética la sustitución automática de medicamentos sin previo aviso en pacientes estables durante el seguimiento; que la aprobación de un biocomparable debe llevarse a cabo solo después de revisar exhaustivamente las pruebas preclínicas y clínicas señaladas por la ley mexicana; que debe modificarse la forma de enfatizar en su nomenclatura que se trata de un medicamento biotecnológico innovador o biocomparable de manera clara; que no es adecuado elegir como tratamiento un biocomparable basándose únicamente en aspectos económicos ni realizarse la extrapolación de indicaciones basándose únicamente en la aprobación obtenida por el innovador y en ausencia de datos de seguridad y eficacia para el biocomparable

The present document is a position statement of the Mexican College of Rheumatology on the use of biosimilars in rheumatic diseases. This position considers that biosimilars should be considered as interchangeable, that automatic substitution without previous notice in stable patients during follow-up is not ethical, that the approval of a biosimilar should only be given after exhaustive review of preclinical and clinical data marked by Mexican regulations, that it should be clearly stated in the nomenclature of biologic drugs which is the innovator and which is the biosimilar, that it is not correct to choose a biosimilar as treatment based only on economic reasons or extrapolate indications based only on the approval of the innovator and in the absence of safety and efficacy data for the biosimilar

Biosimilares en enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: ¿será una alternativa útil en Chile? / Biosimilars for Inflammatory Bowel disease: would be an option in Chile?

Biological therapies have been essential for the management of inflammatory bowel disease; however, their high cost results in many patients being unable to access them. With time, commercial patents of many "original" biologics are reaching or almost in the point of reaching the expiration date of their licenses, which has allowed for the development of new agents known as biosimilars leading to a reduction of the cost of these therapies. The objective of this review is to explain what biosimilars are and show evidence of their effectiveness and safety.

Las terapias biológicas son parte fundamental en el manejo de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, sin embargo los costos de éstas han hecho que muchos de los pacientes que tienen indicación de su uso, no puedan utilizarlas. Con el paso del tiempo, muchos biológicos "originales" están alcanzando o a punto de alcanzar el vencimiento de sus patentes, lo que ha llevado al desarrollo de nuevos agentes conocidos como biosimilares, determinando una disminución en los costos de estas terapias. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo explicar en qué consisten los biosimilares y la evidencia actual con respecto a su eficacia y seguridad.

Consenso brasileiro multi-institucional de pacientes sobre medicamentos biossimilares / Brazilian patients multi-institutional consensus on biosimilar drugs

Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo emitir um consenso de diversas associações de pacientes sobre os produtos biossimilares. Métodos: O consenso foi produzido em reunião presencial com 15 representantes de 11 diferentes associações de pacientes. Previamente ao encontro, realizou- -se exercício Delphi contemplando 12 diferentes tópicos referentes a medicamentos biossimilares, sendo os temas de menor concordância selecionados para aulas informativas. Posteriormente, os participantes reuniram-se para discussão dos temas e elaboração do consenso. Resultados: O consenso concentrou-se em torno de oito temas gerais: nomenclatura, farmacovigilância, mercado nacional, RDC nº 55/2010, extrapolação de indicações, substituição automática, intercambialidade e estudos clínicos. Conclusões: Os medicamentos biossimilares representam avanço referente ao acesso à terapia biológica devido, especialmente, à competitividade econômica. Todavia, sua utilização deve ser respaldada por exercícios clínicos apropriados ­ exercício de biossimilaridade ­, respeitando a autonomia do prescritor e sempre apoiado em metodologias apropriadas de farmacovigilância.

Objective: This paper aims to publish a consensus from diverse patient associations on biossimilar drugs. Methods: The consensus was produced in a live meeting that gathered 15 representatives from 11 different patient associations. Previously to the meeting a Delphi exercise was elaborated contemplating 12 different subjects regarding biosimilar drugs. The subjects with smaller agreement were chosen to be discussed in informative lectures. Posteriorly, the attendants discussed the subjects and elaborated the consensus. Results: The consensus focused on eight different general subjects: nomenclature, pharmacovigilance, national Market, RDC nº 55/2010, extrapolation of controindications, automatic substitution, interchangeability, clinical trials. Conclusions: Biosimilar drugs represent progress regarding the access to biologic treatment, especially due to its economic competitiveness. However, its use must be supported by proper clinical trials ­ biosimilarity exercise ­ respecting the prescritor autonomy and counting on solid pharmacovigilance methods.

El papel de los biosimilares en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: una realidad en nuestro país / The Role of Biosimilars in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Reality in our Country

Resumen La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) es un término con el que se conocen varias entidades, las 2 más importantes son: la colitis ulcerativa idiopática (CUI) y la enfermedad de Crohn (EC), cuyo origen es multifactorial y se caracterizan por un fenómeno inflamatorio, crónico, recurrente con diferentes grados de severidad del tubo digestivo; pero además con afectación potencial de otros órganos. En la última década ha habido un renovado interés en dichas entidades, debido a una incidencia creciente de estas, pero también debido al desarrollo de medicamentos que por primera vez están cambiando la historia natural de estas enfermedades: son los medicamentos llamados biológicos, que son aquellos producidos o derivados de organismos vivos y representan el sector de mayor crecimiento en la industria farmacéutica mundial. Debido al interés comercial, se han desarrollado y sometido a las autoridades reguladoras productos no originadores; similares, pero no idénticos a los productos de referencia. La Agencia Europea de Medicamentos (EMA) aprobó el primer biosimilar del infliximab para todas las indicaciones en las cuales este estaba aprobado, incluidas: colitis ulcerativa moderada a severa en todas las edades, EC moderada a severa en todas las edades, al igual que EC fistulizante, artritis psoriásica (AP), psoriasis, espondilitis anquilosante (EA) y artritis reumatoide (AR) (1). En esta revisión nos proponemos definir lo que son estos productos al igual que algunos conceptos relacionados (extrapolación, sustitución e intercambiabilidad), además hacer una revisión histórica de su desarrollo, sus indicaciones actuales, las posiciones de las diferentes asociaciones científicas al respecto y, lo más importante, brindar datos de la vida real en cuanto a su efectividad, seguridad y costos en los diferentes países donde se han estado usando.

Abstract The term Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is used to identify several entities, the two most important of which are Idiopathic Ulcerative Colitis (IUC) and Crohn's Disease (EC). Both are multifactorial in origin, are chronic and recurrent, are characterized by inflammation, have varying degrees of severity, and potentially involve other organs. In the last decade there has been renewed interest in these entities due to growing incidence and to the development of drugs called biologicals. For the first time, these drugs have changed the natural history of these diseases. They are produced or derived from living organisms and represent the fastest growing sector in the global pharmaceutical industry. Due to commercial interest, products similar but not identical to the original products have been developed and submitted to regulatory authorities. The European Medicines Agency has approved the first biosimilar for infliximab for all indications for which it has been approved. These include moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC) at all ages, moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD) at all ages, fistulizing Crohn's disease, Psoriasic arthritis, Psoriasis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. 1 In this review, we define what these products are, as well as some concepts coined for their usage including extrapolation, substitution and interchangeability. We also make a historical review of their development, current indications, the positions of various scientific associations with respect to them, and - most importantly - provide real-life data regarding their effectiveness, safety and costs in countries where they have been used.

Equivalencia terap‚utica e intercambiabilidad de medicamentos / Therapeutic equivalence and intercambiabilidad of medicines

El amplio desarrollo de los medicamentos gen‚ricos, y la demostración de fallas en la biodisponibilidad a partir de la d‚cada de los 70 condujo a la introducci¢n de requerimientos de bioequivalencia en pa¡ses del hemisferio norte, los que se han incorporado progresivamente en las regulaciones propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la FDA y la EMEA, y luego entre la legislación de diferentes paises a diferente velocidad. Dos medicamentos son terap‚uticamente equivalentes si ellos son equivalentes farmac‚uticos o alternativas farmacéuticas y después de la administración en la misma dosis molar, sus efectos, con respecto a eficacia y seguridad, ser n esencialmente los mismos cuando sean administrados a pacientes por la misma v¡a de administración bajo las condiciones especificadas en el inserto. La decisión de intercambiabilidad es una inferencia luego de la demostración de equivalencia terapéutica, que supone que un medicamento puede ser reemplazado por otro que contenga lamisma dosis molar del medicamento en la misma forma farmacéutica y adminstrado en la misma v¡a e intervalo, esper ndose que los efectos farmacodin micos sean los mismos. En este trabajo se revisan los tipos de estudios utilizados para evaluar la equivalencia terapéutica, sus requisitos principales as¡ como los criterios de aceptabilidad y rechazo de los estudios. Se revisa la exigencia de estudios de equivalencia e intercambiabilidad se¤alados a la ley de medicamentos peruana aprobada en 2009.

The extensive development of generic drugs, and bioavailability failures from the 70s led to introduce bioequivalence requeriments in north region of the world, which progressively incorporated into regulations of WHO, FDA and EMEA, and then between different countries laws. Two drugs are therapeutically equivalent if they are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives and after administration in the same molar dose, their efficacy effects and safety, will be essentially the same when administered to patients by the same route of administration under the conditions specified in the insert. The decision of interchangeability is an inference after show the therapeutic equivalence, which means that a drug can be replaced by another containing the same molar dose in the same dosage form and in the same via e interval, expected that pharmacodynamic effects are the same. In this article we review the types of studies used to evaluate the therapeutic equivalence, the requirement and criteria of acceptability and rejection of the studies. Likewise review the requirement for equivalence and interchangeability studies appointed in the Peruvian Drug Act in 2009.

Comparação do perfil de liberação de nitrato de isoconazol em formas farmacêuticas semissólidas usando modelo matemático de diferença (f1) e semelhança (f2) / Comparación de perfiles de liberación del nitrato isoconazol en formas farmacéuticas semisólido utilizando el modelo de diferencia matemática (f1) y semejanza (f2) / Comparison of isoconazole nitrate release profile in pharmaceutical semisolid forms using f1 (differential) and f2 (similarities) mathematical models

Introdução: A comprovação da eficácia e segurança de produtos é dada por meio dos estudos de equivalência farmacêutica e bioequivalência. Abioequivalência entre os dois produtos farmacêuticos pode ser demonstrada por meio de estudos diferentes: farmacocinético, farmacodinâmico,clínicos comparativos ou ensaios in vitro. Objetivo: Comparar o perfil de liberação in vitro do nitrato de isoconazol a partir de medicamentosreferência e genéricos, aplicando dois diferentes modelos estatísticos para a análise dos resultados baseados nos fatores F1 e F2. Material eMétodo: Os perfis de liberação do nitrato de isoconazol foram determinados em condições previamente otimizadas em célula de difusão verticalcontendo solução 0,01M de fosfato de sódio (pH 7,4) como meio receptor (7 mL) e membrana sintética de acetato de celulose (com área dedifusão de 1,77 cm2). Após 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 8 horas de experimento, exatos 1,0 mL da solução receptora foi coletada e a quantidade de nitratode isoconazol presente na solução foi analisada por método validado de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. O fluxo de entrega do nitratode isoconazol foi obtido com base no perfil de liberação utilizando a porção linear da curva. Os valores de diferença e semelhança, F1 e F2,respectivamente, obtidos entre as curvas de liberação de nitrato de isoconazol, foram aplicados como uma ferramenta de análise da equivalênciafarmacêutica de formas semissólidas. Resultados: Houve equivalência farmacêutica entre os medicamentos referência e genérico, considerando osnúmeros de lotes utilizados nestes ensaios...

Introduction: Evidence of efficacy and safety of products is given through pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence studies. Bioequivalencebetween the two pharmaceutical products can be demonstrated by different studies: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, comparative clinicaltrials or in vitro assay. Objective: To compare the in vitro release profile of isoconazole nitrate from reference and generic drugs using twodifferent statistical models based on factors F1 and F2. Material and Method: The release profiles of isoconazole nitrate were determined underpre-optimized conditions in a vertical diffusion cell containing 0.01M sodium phosphate solution (pH 7.4) as receptor medium (7mL) and syntheticcellulose acetate membrane (with diffusion area of 1.77 cm2). After 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 hours of permeation, exactly 1.0 mL of the receptor solutionwas collected and the amount of isoconazole nitrate was analyzed by validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography method. The isoconazolenitrate delivery flow was obtained based on the release profile using the linear portion of the curve. The values of difference and similarity, F1 andF2 respectively, obtained between the release curves of isoconazole nitrate from generic and reference products, were applied as a tool for analysisof the pharmaceutical equivalence of semisolid forms. Results: There was a pharmaceutical equivalence between reference and generic drugs,considering the batches number...

Introducción: La prueba de la eficacia y seguridade del producto está dada por los estudios de equivalência farmacéutica y bioequivalência. Labioequivalencia entre las dos productos farmacêuticos puede ser demostrada en diversos estudios: farmacocinética, farmacodinámica, clínicos yencomparación in vitro. Objetivo: Comparar el perfil de liberación in vitro de nitrato de isoconazol de medicamentos genéricos y de referencia,utilizando dos diferentes modelos estadísticos para el análisis de los resultados en función de los factores F1 y F2. Material y Método: Los perfilesde liberación de isoconazol han sido determinados en condiciones de nitrato isoconazol previamente optimizados en la célula de difusión verticalque contiene solución de fosfato de sodio 0,01 M (pH 7,4) como medio receptor (7 ml) y membrana sintética (con 1,77 cm2 área de difusión).Después de 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 y 8 horas de experimento se recogieronexactamente 1,0 ml de solución de receptor y la cantidad de nitrato isoconazolen lasolución se analizó por lacromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento. Se obtuvo el flujo de entrega isoconazol nitrato basado en el perfil deliberación usando la parte lineal de la curva. Las diferencias y semejanza de los valores, F1 y F2, respectivamente, obtenidos a partir de las curvasde liberación de nitrato isoconazol, se aplicaron como una herramienta de análisis de equivalência farmacéutica de formas semisólidas. Resultados:Se demostró la equivalência farmacéutica entre lós...

Intercambialidade entre medicamentos genéricos e similares de um mesmo medicamento de referência / Interchangeability among generic and similar drug products of a same reference drug product

A implementação de medicamentos genéricos no Brasil e de programas e políticas para garantir o acesso da população a medicamentos com qualidade, segurança e eficácia resultaram em mais de 3.800 medicamentos genéricos de 445 fármacos registrados na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) desde 1999. Os medicamentos genéricos comprovaram a sua equivalência terapêutica e, portanto, intercambialidade com seus respectivos medicamentos de referência por meio de estudos de bioequivalência. Em 2014, a ANVISA estendeu a intercambialidade aos medicamentos similares, aumentando o número de medicamentos intercambiáveis para cada medicamento de referência. As normas para prescrição e dispensação permitem apenas a substituição de medicamento de referência por seu medicamento genérico ou similar intercambiável e vice-versa. Entretanto, o que se observa na prática é a substituição entre medicamentos genéricos e similares de um mesmo fármaco, tanto na rede privada onde os descontos chegam até 90% do preço estabelecido para a venda, como na rede pública, em função da disponibilidade dos medicamentos, visto que as compras públicas se baseiam no menor preço ofertado pelos fabricantes. Entretanto, a bioequivalência e a intercambialidade entre os medicamentos genéricos ou similares de um mesmo referência não pode ser garantida pois os mesmos não foram testados entre si. A ausência de bioequivalência entre medicamentos substituídos pode provocar ineficácia terapêutica ou aparecimento de eventos adversos ou até mesmo intoxicação em pacientes. Consequentemente, podem ocorrer desperdício, gastos com tratamento de eventos adversos, abandono do tratamento e adoção de segunda linha de tratamentos. Este trabalho avaliou a bioequivalência entre os medicamentos genéricos e similares de um mesmo medicamento de referência por meio do método de metanálise, empregando dados de estudos de bioequivalência realizados para o registro de medicamentos genéricos e similares na ANVISA. Foram incluídos na análise estudos de aciclovir, amoxicilina, cefalexina, doxazosina, fenitoína, fluoxetina, levofloxacino e quetiapina. Os resultados demonstraram a ausência de bioequivalência entre a maioria dos medicamentos genéricos e similares contendo o mesmo fármaco. os resultados comprovam que medicamentos genéricos e similares de mesmo fármaco não são obrigatoriamente intercambiáveis e a substituição, principalmente para aqueles usados no tratamento de doenças crônicas, podem trazer graves consequências clínicas. Esta preocupação é aumentada para os fármacos com estreita faixa terapêutica e aqueles com alta variabilidade no processo de absorção. A adoção de uma lista de medicamentos não substituíveis, a exemplo de outros países, e o investimento na divulgação de informações sobre intercambialidade de medicamentos, tanto para profissionais de saúde como para a população, podem contribuir para a redução da substituição entre medicamentos não intercambiáveis, a promoção do uso racional dos medicamentos, a redução de gastos com medicamentos e tratamento de eventos adversos e o aumento da adesão do paciente ao tratamento

The implementation of generic drugs in Brazil, as well as programs and policies to ensure access to medicines with quality, safety and efficacy to the overall population, resulted in more than 3,800 generic drug products of 445 drugs registered in the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) since 1999. Generic drug products proved their therapeutic equivalence in bioequivalence studies and, therefore, the interchangeability with their respective reference drug product. In 2014, ANVISA expanded the interchangeability to similar drug products, increasing the number of interchangeable drug products for each reference drug product. Regulations for the prescription and dispensation of medicine only allow the substitution of a reference drug product for a generic or an interchangeable similar drug product or vice versa. However, in practice, it appears that there is a substitution between generic and similar drug products of a same reference drug product in private pharmacy chains - where discounts reach up to 90% of the selling price - as well as in public pharmacy, depending on the medicine availability, because public purchases are based on the lower price offered by the manufacturers. Nevertheless, the bioequivalence and interchangeability between generic and similar drug products of the same reference drug product cannot be guaranteed because they haven't been evaluated. Lack of bioequivalence between substituted drug products may result in therapeutic ineffectiveness or the occurrence of adverse events and even to patient intoxication. As a consequence, there might be waste, expenses due to adverse events treatment, no adherence to the treatment or the adoption of second-line treatment. This study evaluated the bioequivalence between generic and similar drugs of the same reference drug product through a meta-analysis, using data from bioequivalence studies carried out for the registration of generic and similar drug products at ANVISA. The drugs included in the study were acyclovir, amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxazosin, phenytoin, fluoxetine, levofloxacin and quetiapine. Results showed lack of bioequivalence between most of the generic and similar drugs containing the same drug and prove that generic and similar drug products of the reference drug product are not necessarily interchangeable. Moreover, the substitution of drugs used for chronic illnesses could lead to serious clinical consequences. This concern increases for drugs with narrow therapeutic index and those with high variable absorption process. The adoption of a list of non-interchangeable medicines - like in other countries - and investment in the dissemination of information about interchangeability between drug products to health professionals and to the population may contribute to reduce the substitution of drugs which are not interchangeable, promote a rational use of medicines, the reduction of expenses with drugs and adverse effects treatment and to improve treatment adherence

Intercambialidade entre medicamentos genéricos e similares de um mesmo medicamento de referência / Interchangeability among generic and similar drug products of a same reference drug product

A implementação de medicamentos genéricos no Brasil e de programas e políticas para garantir o acesso da população a medicamentos com qualidade, segurança e eficácia resultaram em mais de 3.800 medicamentos genéricos de 445 fármacos registrados na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) desde 1999. Os medicamentos genéricos comprovaram a sua equivalência terapêutica e, portanto, intercambialidade com seus respectivos medicamentos de referência por meio de estudos de bioequivalência. Em 2014, a ANVISA estendeu a intercambialidade aos medicamentos similares, aumentando o número de medicamentos intercambiáveis para cada medicamento de referência. As normas para prescrição e dispensação permitem apenas a substituição de medicamento de referência por seu medicamento genérico ou similar intercambiável e vice-versa. Entretanto, o que se observa na prática é a substituição entre medicamentos genéricos e similares de um mesmo fármaco, tanto na rede privada onde os descontos chegam até 90% do preço estabelecido para a venda, como na rede pública, em função da disponibilidade dos medicamentos, visto que as compras públicas se baseiam no menor preço ofertado pelos fabricantes. Entretanto, a bioequivalência e a intercambialidade entre os medicamentos genéricos ou similares de um mesmo referência não pode ser garantida pois os mesmos não foram testados entre si. A ausência de bioequivalência entre medicamentos substituídos pode provocar ineficácia terapêutica ou aparecimento de eventos adversos ou até mesmo intoxicação em pacientes. Consequentemente, podem ocorrer desperdício, gastos com tratamento de eventos adversos, abandono do tratamento e adoção de segunda linha de tratamentos. Este trabalho avaliou a bioequivalência entre os medicamentos genéricos e similares de um mesmo medicamento de referência por meio do método de metanálise, empregando dados de estudos de bioequivalência realizados para o registro de medicamentos genéricos e similares na ANVISA. Foram incluídos na análise estudos de aciclovir, amoxicilina, cefalexina, doxazosina, fenitoína, fluoxetina, levofloxacino e quetiapina. Os resultados demonstraram a ausência de bioequivalência entre a maioria dos medicamentos genéricos e similares contendo o mesmo fármaco. os resultados comprovam que medicamentos genéricos e similares de mesmo fármaco não são obrigatoriamente intercambiáveis e a substituição, principalmente para aqueles usados no tratamento de doenças crônicas, podem trazer graves consequências clínicas. Esta preocupação é aumentada para os fármacos com estreita faixa terapêutica e aqueles com alta variabilidade no processo de absorção. A adoção de uma lista de medicamentos não substituíveis, a exemplo de outros países, e o investimento na divulgação de informações sobre intercambialidade de medicamentos, tanto para profissionais de saúde como para a população, podem contribuir para a redução da substituição entre medicamentos não intercambiáveis, a promoção do uso racional dos medicamentos, a redução de gastos com medicamentos e tratamento de eventos adversos e o aumento da adesão do paciente ao tratamento

The implementation of generic drugs in Brazil, as well as programs and policies to ensure access to medicines with quality, safety and efficacy to the overall population, resulted in more than 3,800 generic drug products of 445 drugs registered in the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) since 1999. Generic drug products proved their therapeutic equivalence in bioequivalence studies and, therefore, the interchangeability with their respective reference drug product. In 2014, ANVISA expanded the interchangeability to similar drug products, increasing the number of interchangeable drug products for each reference drug product. Regulations for the prescription and dispensation of medicine only allow the substitution of a reference drug product for a generic or an interchangeable similar drug product or vice versa. However, in practice, it appears that there is a substitution between generic and similar drug products of a same reference drug product in private pharmacy chains - where discounts reach up to 90% of the selling price - as well as in public pharmacy, depending on the medicine availability, because public purchases are based on the lower price offered by the manufacturers. Nevertheless, the bioequivalence and interchangeability between generic and similar drug products of the same reference drug product cannot be guaranteed because they haven't been evaluated. Lack of bioequivalence between substituted drug products may result in therapeutic ineffectiveness or the occurrence of adverse events and even to patient intoxication. As a consequence, there might be waste, expenses due to adverse events treatment, no adherence to the treatment or the adoption of second-line treatment. This study evaluated the bioequivalence between generic and similar drugs of the same reference drug product through a meta-analysis, using data from bioequivalence studies carried out for the registration of generic and similar drug products at ANVISA. The drugs included in the study were acyclovir, amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxazosin, phenytoin, fluoxetine, levofloxacin and quetiapine. Results showed lack of bioequivalence between most of the generic and similar drugs containing the same drug and prove that generic and similar drug products of the reference drug product are not necessarily interchangeable. Moreover, the substitution of drugs used for chronic illnesses could lead to serious clinical consequences. This concern increases for drugs with narrow therapeutic index and those with high variable absorption process. The adoption of a list of non-interchangeable medicines - like in other countries - and investment in the dissemination of information about interchangeability between drug products to health professionals and to the population may contribute to reduce the substitution of drugs which are not interchangeable, promote a rational use of medicines, the reduction of expenses with drugs and adverse effects treatment and to improve treatment adherence

Biosimilares, el camino ha comenzado / Biosimilars, the journey has begun

Según la Agencia Europea del Medicamento, un medicamento biosimilar es aquel obtenido por biotecnología que contiene una versión de la sustancia activa del medicamento biológico original (de referencia o innovador), previamente autorizado en el Espacio Económico Europeo. La similitud entre medicamento de referencia y biosimilar en términos de calidad, actividad biológica, seguridad y eficacia debe ser establecida según criterios de comparabilidad integral. El enfoque estándar para un medicamento genérico (demostración de bioequivalencia por estudios de biodisponibilidad) es aplicable a medicamentos derivados de síntesis química y no es suficiente para productos obtenidos por biotecnología, debido a su mayor complejidad estructural. Además estos productos biofarmacéuticos, en contraste con los convencionales, demuestran una mayor capacidad para activar la respuesta inmunitaria. La intercambiabilidad y sustitución en el acto de la prescripción y dispensación, respectivamente, es un aspecto que se plantea de forma continuada y deberá ser tratado por cada Estado Miembro de la Unión Europea, según comunica la Agencia Europea del Medicamento. Con el fin de apoyar la farmacovigilancia y trazabilidad se deberán tomar medidas oportunas para la identificación, atendiendo al nombre del producto, número de lote y fecha de caducidad. La situación en el entorno de la Comunidad Europea así como el marco regulatorio en términos de autorización y comercialización han evolucionado desde las primeras solicitudes (hormona del crecimiento), hace casi una década, hasta la reciente aparición de medicamentos biosimilares molecularmente complejos (anticuerpos monoclonales). Actualmente, la introducción en el mercado de estos medicamentos favorece la competencia mejorando el acceso a nuevas terapias biológicas (AU)

According to the European Medicine Agency, a 'biosimilar' is a biological medicinal product that contains a version of the active substance of an original biological medicinal product (reference or innovative medicinal product) that has been authorized in the European Economic Area. The similarity to the reference medicinal product in terms of quality, biological activity, safety and efficacy needs to be set on a comprehensive comparability basis. The generic standard approach (demonstration of bioequivalence with a reference medicinal product by appropriate bioavailability studies), which is applicable to a wide range of chemically derived medicinal products, is not sufficient to prove the similarity of biotechnology derived products due to their structural complexity. Furthermore, these biopharmaceuticals products, in comparison with the conventional ones, show a greater ability to activate the immune response. The evaluation of biosimilar medicines for authorisation purposes by the European Medicine Agency does not include recommendations on whether a biosimilar should be used interchangeably with its reference medicine. Substitution policies are, therefore, within the remit of the EU member states. In order to support pharmacovigilance monitoring, all appropriate measures should be taken to clearly identify any biological medicinal product with due regard to its brand name and batch number. The situation of the European Community and the regulatory framework have been developed since the first applications (growth hormone), almost a decade ago, until the recent advent (monoclonal antibodies). The introduction to the market of biosimilars have positive effects on competition by improving access to biological therapies (AU)